How much is 1 byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, etc.?

Below is a list of each of the accepted disk drive space values. It is important to realize that not all manufacturers and developers use binary base 2. For example, a manufacturer may consider a gigabyte as 1,000,000,000 bytes and not 1,073,741,824 bytes. For this page we are listing all values in their base 2 values.

Note: All values are whole numbers, which means a GB shows it can only contain one 650MB CD, but 1GB could hold 1.5753... of a 650MB CD. Since we created this document to illustrate how much each value can contain in whole, no decimal values are shown. In other words, you can only fit one complete 650MB CD on a 1GB drive since two full 650MB discs exceed 1GB.

Tip: With the exception of a bit and a nibble, all values explained below are in bytes and not bits. For example, a Kilobyte (KB) is different than a Kilobit (Kb). When referring to storage, bytes are used, when referring to transmission speeds bits are used.

Bit

A bit is a value of either a 1 or 0 (on or off).

Nibble

A Nibble is 4 bits.

Byte

Today a Byte is 8 bits.

• 1 character, e.g. "a" is one byte.

Kilobyte (KB)

A Kilobyte is 1,024 bytes.

• 2 or 3 paragraphs of text.

Megabyte (MB)

A Megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes or 1,024 Kilobytes

• 873 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
• 4 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)

Gigabyte (GB)

A Gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 (2³⁰) bytes. 1,024 Megabytes, or 1,048,576 Kilobytes.

• 894,784 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
• 4,473 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
• 640 web pages (with 1.6MB average file size)
• 341 digital pictures (with 3MB average file size)
• 256 MP3 audio files (with 4MB average file size)
• 1 650MB CD

Terabyte (TB)

A Terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776 (2⁴⁰) bytes, 1,024 Gigabytes, or 1,048,576 Megabytes.

• 916,259,689 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
• 4,581,298 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
• 655,360 web pages (with 1.6MB average file size)
• 349,525 digital pictures (with 3MB average file size)
• 262,144 MP3 audio files (with 4MB average file size)
• 1,613 650MB CD's
• 233 4.38GB DVD's
• 40 25GB Blu-ray discs

Petabyte (PB)

A Petabyte is 1,125,899,906,842,624 (2⁵⁰) bytes, 1,024 Terabytes, 1,048,576 Gigabytes, or 1,073,741,824 Megabytes.

• 938,249,922,368 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
• 4,691,249,611 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
• 671,088,640 web pages (with 1.6MB average file size)
• 357,913,941 digital pictures (with 3MB average file size)
• 268,435,456 MP3 audio files (with 4MB average file size)
• 1,651,910 650MB CD's
• 239,400 4.38GB DVD's
• 41,943 25GB Blu-ray discs

Exabyte (EB)

An Exabyte is 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 (2⁶⁰) bytes, 1,024 Petabytes, 1,048,576 Terabytes, 1,073,741,824 Gigabytes, or 1,099,511,627,776 Megabytes.

• 960,767,920,505,705 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
• 4,803,839,602,528 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
• 687,194,767,360 web pages (with 1.6MB average file size)
• 366,503,875,925 digital pictures (with 3MB average file size)
• 274,877,906,944 MP3 audio files (with 4MB average file size)
• 1,691,556,350 650MB CD's
• 245,146,535 4.38GB DVD's
• 42,949,672 25GB Blu-ray discs

Zettabyte (ZB)

A Zettabyte is 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 (2⁷⁰) bytes, 1,024 Exabytes, 1,048,576 Petabytes, 1,073,741,824 Terabytes, 1,099,511,627,776 Gigabytes, or 1,125,899,910,000,000 Megabytes.

• 983,826,350,597,842,752 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
• 4,919,131,752,989,213 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
• 703,687,443,750,000 web pages (with 1.6MB average file size)
• 375,299,970,000,000 digital pictures (with 3MB average file size)
• 281,474,977,500,000 MP3 audio files (with 4MB average file size)
• 1,732,153,707,691 650MB CD's
• 251,030,052,003 4.38GB DVD's
• 43,980,465,111 25GB Blu-ray discs

Yottabyte (YB)

A Yottabyte is 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 (2⁸⁰) bytes, 1,024 Zettabytes, 1,048,576 Exabytes, 1,073,741,824 Petabytes, 1,099,511,627,776 Terabytes, 1,125,899,910,000,000 Gigabytes, or 1,152,921,500,000,000,000 Megabytes.

• 1,007,438,183,012,190,978,921 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
• 5,037,190,915,060,954,894 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
• 720,575,937,500,000,000 web pages (with 1.6MB average file size)
• 384,307,166,666,666,666 digital pictures (with 3MB average file size)
• 288,230,375,000,000,000 MP3 audio files (with 4MB average file size)
• 1,773,725,384,615,384 650MB CD's
• 257,054,773,251,740 4.38GB DVD's
• 45,035,996,273,704 25GB Blu-ray discs

How are you calculating the above values?

To calculate the above values is simple once you know the values of each of the above sizes. For example, in the above example we know that 1 gigabyte is equal to 1,024 Megabytes. Therefore to determine how many 4MB MP3 files are in a Gigabyte, we take 1,024 / 4 which equals 256 or 256 4MB MP3 files in one gigabyte.

Malwarebytes

Sometimes abbreviated as MBAM, which is short for Malwarebytes Anti-Malware is an excellent software utility program that is designed to scan your computer for any Malware and clean that malware if found. This program can be used in conjunction with your antivirus program and can help detect any threats to your computer that an antivirus program may have missed.

• The official Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware web page can be found at: http://www.malwarebytes.org
• http://smobtechnology.blogspot.com/2015/02/how-can-i-protect-myself-while-online.html

Internet History

Reference	Question
CH001016	Who invented the Internet?

Year	Event
1960	AT&T introduces the dataphone and the first known MODEM.
1961	Leonard Kleinrock publishes his first paper entitled "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" is published May 31, 1961.
1962	Leonard Kleinrock releases his paper talking about packetization.
1962	Paul Baran suggests transmission of data using fixed size message blocks.
1962	J.C.R. Licklider becomes the first Director of IPTO and gives his vision of a galactic network.
1964	Baran publishes reports "On Distributed Communications."
1964	Leonard Kleinrock publishes his first book on packet nets entitled Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Design.
1965	Lawrence G. Roberts with MIT performs the first long distant dial-up connection between a TX-2 computer in Massachusetts and Tom Marill with a Q-32 at SDC in California.
1965	Donald Davies coins the word "Packet."
1966	Lawrence G. Roberts and Tom Marill publish a paper about their earlier success at connecting over dial-up.
1966	Robert Taylor joins ARPA and brings Larry Roberts there to develop ARPANET.
1967	Donald Davies creates 1-node NPL packet net.
1967	Wes Clark suggests use of a minicomputer for network packet switch.
1968	Doug Engelbart publicly demonstrates Hypertext on December 9, 1968.
1968	The first Network Working Group (NWG) meeting is held.
1968	Larry Roberts publishes ARPANET program plan on June 3, 1968.
1968	First RFP for a network goes out.
1968	UCLA is selected to be the first node on the Internet as we know it today and serve as the Network Msmnt Center.
1969	Steve Crocker releases RFC #1 on April 7, 1979 introducing the Host-to-Host and talking about the IMP software.
1969	UCLA puts out a press release introducing the public to the Internet on July 3, 1969.
1969	On August 29, 1969 the first network switch and the first piece of network equipment (called "IMP", which is short for Interface Message Processor) is sent to UCLA.
1969	On September 2, 1969 the first data moves from UCLA host to the IMP switch.
1969	CompuServe, the first commercial online service, is established.
1970	Steve Crocker and UCLA team releases NCP.
1971	Ray Tomlinson sends the first e-mail, the first messaging system to send messages across a network to other users.
1972	First public demo of ARPANET.
1972	Norm Abramson' Alohanet connected to ARPANET: packet radio nets.
1973	Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn design TCP during 1973 and later publish it with the help of Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December of 1974 in RFC 675.
1973	ARPA deploys SATNET the first international connection.
1973	Robert Metcalfe creates the Ethernet at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).
1973	The first VoIP call is made.
1974	A commercial version of ARPANET known as Telenet is introduced and considered by many to be the first Internet Service Provider (ISP).
1978	TCP splits into TCP/IP driven by Danny Cohen, David Reed, and John Shoch to support real-time traffic. This allows the creation of UDP.
1978	John Shoch and Jon Hupp at Xerox PARC develop the first worm.
1981	BITNET is founded.
1983	ARPANET standardizes TCP/IP.
1984	Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel introduce DNS.
1986	Eric Thomas develops the first Listserv.
1986	NSFNET is created.
1986	BITNET II is created.
1988	First T-1 backbone is added to ARPANET.
1988	Bitnet and CSNET merge to create CREN.
1990	ARPANET replaced by NSFNET.
1990	The first search engine Archie, written by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan, and Mike Parker at McGill University in Montreal Canada is released on September 10, 1990
1991	Tim Berners-Lee introduces WWW to the public on August 6, 1991.
1991	NSF opens the Internet to commercial use.
1992	Internet Society formed.
1992	NSFNET upgraded to T-3 backbone.
1993	The White House and the United Nations come online in 1993 and help start the .gov and .org top level domains.
1993	The NCSA releases the Mosaic browser.
1994	Netscape (Mosaic Communications corporation) is found by Marc Andreessen and James H. Clark April 4, 1994.
1994	Mosaic Netscape 0.9, the first Netscape browser is officially released October 13, 1994. This browser also introduces the Internet to Cookies.
1994	WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, NC USA) becomes first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet November 7, 1994.
1994	Tim Berners-Lee establishes and heads the W3C in October 1994.
1995	The dot-com boom starts.
1995	The SSL protocol is developed and introduced by Netscape in February 1995.
1995	On April 1, 1995 the Opera browser is released.
1995	The first VoIP software (Vocaltec) is released allowing end users to make voice calls over the Internet.
1995	On August 16, 1995 Microsoft introduces and releases Microsoft Internet Explorer.
1995	On November 24, 1995 HTML 2.0 is introduced in RFC 1866.
1995	On December 4, 1995 Sun Microsystems announced JavaScript and first releases it in Netscape 2.0B3. In the same year they also introduced Java.
1996	Telecom Act deregulates data networks.
1996	Now known as Adobe Flash, Macromedia Flash is introduced in 1996.
1996	The first CSS specification, CSS 1, is published by the W3C in December 1996.
1996	More e-mail is sent than postal mail in USA.
1996	CREN ended its support and since then the network has cease to exist.
1997	Internet2 consortium is established.
1997	IEEE releases 802.11 (WiFi) standard.
1998	Internet weblogs begin to appear.
1998	XML becomes a W3C recommendation February 10, 1998.
1999	Napster starts sharing files in September of 1999.
1999	On December 1, 1999 the most expensive Internet domain name business.com was sold by Marc Ostrofsky for $7.5 Million The domain was later sold on July 26, 2007 again to R.H. Donnelley for $345 Million USD.
2000	The dot-com bubble starts to burst.
2003	January 7, 2003 CREN's members decided to dissolve the organization.
2003	On June 30, 2003 the Safari browser is released.
2004	On November 9, 2004 Mozilla releases the Mozilla Firefox browser.
2008	On December 11, 2008 the Google Chrome.

Operating system

An operating system or OS is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer and software programs would be useless. The picture is an example of Microsoft Windows XP, a popular operating system and what the box may look like if you were to visit a local retail store to purchase it.

When computers were first introduced the user interacted with them using a command line interface, which required the user to perform a series of commands in order to interact with the computer and its hardware and software. Today, almost every computer is using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) operating system that is much easier to use and operate.

Examples of computer operating systems

Microsoft Windows 7 - PC and IBM compatible operating system. Microsoft Windows is the most commonly found and used operating system.
Apple MacOS - Apple computer operating system. The only Apple computer operating system.
Ubuntu Linux - A popular variant of Linux used with PC and IBM compatible computers.
Google Android - operating system used with Android compatible phones.
iOS - Operating system used with the Apple iPhone.

Browser

A software program that allows a person to explore the Internet in an easy to use way. Navigating the Internet through a series of links the user can browse the Internet. Examples of popular browsers are Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, and Opera. The picture is of the Google Chrome browser and a good example of a browser. Each browser has a navigation toolbar, like the ones shown below that help also illustrate how the Internet browser toolbar has changed over the history of Internet browsers. This navigation bar is the most essential portion of the browser and will always at least contain the Back arrows and address bar.

Overview of browser bar buttons and options

As can be seen by the above picture, over the evolution of the Internet browser the buttons and options have changed. With this in mind, understand that some of the options mentioned below may not be visible in your browser.

Back - Used to visit the previous page that referred you to the page you are currently located at. This button is the button you'll use most while browsing on the Internet and as shown above is a large arrow pointing to the left.

• Why does my Internet back button sometimes not work?
• Creating an HTML back button.

Forward - Like the back button this button moves you forward a page, if you have gone back first. If you have not gone back and your browser shows a forward button, it will be grayed out, as shown above.

• Tip: Hold down the Ctrl key while pressing the left arrow to go back or the right arrow to go forward.

Stop - Stop the loading of a website, this button may need to be used if the page is taking too long to load or encountering problems.

• Tip: Press their esc key at any time to stop loading a page.

Refresh (Reload) - Most Internet browsers cache web pages, so you do not have to download the full page each time you visit the same site. On some pages, you may want to refresh the browser to get the latest version. This button can also be used to reload a page that has been aborted because of an error.

• Tip: Press the F5 key or Ctrl + R to refresh the page from the keyboard.

Home - Go back to your default web page. This is the same page that loads when your browser loads.

• How to change my browser's home page.
• How to make Computer Hope your home page.

Search - Open your default search page or search for text found in the Address or URL text field. Today's browser have a search bar integrated into the search engine and can also use the address bar as a search bar.

Favorites - View or visit a website in your favorites list. The term "Favorites" is used with Microsoft Internet Explorer, in other browsers this may be known as book marks or a hotlist.

Print - Print the page you're visiting. If you don't see a print button, it can also be accessed by clicking on the "File" drop down menu or pressing Ctrl + P on the keyboard.

Font (Size) - Increase or Decrease the size of a font.

• Tip: Holding down the Ctrl key and pressing either the + or - on the top of the keyboard also increases and decreases the font.

Mail - Open your e-mail program.

Edit - Edit the web page you are currently viewing in an HTML editor. Today, no longer found in browsers.

Full Screen - Make the browser window full screen removing all of the toolbars. Often this option is entered and exited by pressing the F11 key on your keyboard.

History - View the history of pages that have been visited since the browser history was last cleared or created.

• Tip: The shortcut key for history for most browsers is Ctrl+H.

software

Sometimes abbreviated as SW and S/W, software is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with a computer or have it perform specific tasks for them. Without software, computers would be useless. For example, without your Internet browser software you would be unable to surf the Internet or read this page and without a software operating system the browser would not be able to run on your computer. In the picture is a Microsoft Excel software box and an example of a software program.

How do you get software?

Software can be purchased at a local retail computer store or online, usually in a box that contains all the disks (floppy diskette, CD, DVD, or Blu-ray) required for the program, manuals, warranty, and other necessary documentation.

Software can also be downloaded to a computer over the Internet. Once downloaded, setup files can be run to start the installation of the program on your computer.

Free software

In addition to purchasing software, there are also millions of free software programs available that are broken into different types of categories.

• Shareware or trial software is software that gives you a few days to try the software before you buy the program. After the trial time expires you'll be asked to enter a code or to register the product before you can continue to use it.
• Freeware is completely free software that never requires payment as long as its not modified.
• Open source software is like freeware but not only is the program given away, but the source code used to make the program is as well, allowing anyone to modify the program or view how it was created.

How is software created?

A computer programmer or several computer programmers write the instructions using a programming language that tell the software how to work. Once the program has been completed it is compiled into a language that the computer can understand.

Command Line

Sometimes referred to as the command screen or a text interface, the command line is a user interface that is navigated by typing commands at prompts, as opposed to using the mouse to perform a command. For example, the root MS-DOS command line prompt is C:\> (as shown in the picture) and in Unix or Linux may be % or >. Unlike a GUI operating system, a command line only uses a keyboard to navigate by entering commands and does not utilize a mouse. Because a command line interface requires unique commands, this interface is often more difficult to learn because of the need to memorize dozens of different commands. However, a command line operating system can be a very valuable resource and should not be ignored. For example, users who have Microsoft Windows may find trivial tasks such as renaming 100+ files in a folder a very difficult task; however, this is something that can be done in a matter of seconds through a simple command at the command line.

Text interface with menus

A text interface can be made easier to navigate with menus created with text and extended ASCII extended characters. For example, many command line text editors have some type of interface with menus and shortcut keys that make navigating the file being edited easier. In the example below, is a picture of the MS-DOS Editor used to edit files while at the MS-DOS or Windows command line.

Although a text interface with menus has a lot more visual appeal than the command line, this interface is still considered a text interface and not a graphical interface.

How can I protect myself while online? Verify data is encrypted

When sending confidential information over the Internet such as usernames, passwords, or credit card numbers only send it securely. To verify this look for a small lock () in the bottom right corner of your browser window or next to the address bar (as shown below). If visible, this lock should also be in the locked position and not unlocked.

Internet Explorer 7 secure address bar

We also suggest making sure the URL begins with https as shown above.

While the lock is in the lock position, data is encrypted, which helps anyone from understanding the data if it's intercepted. When no lock is visible or in the unlocked position all information is plaintext and if intercepted could be read. If a web page is not secure, such as an online forum, use a password you wouldn't use with protected sites such as your online banking website.

E-mail is not encrypted

Websites should not transmit confidential data over e-mail, such as passwords, credit card information, etc. E-mail is not encrypted and if intercepted by a third-party could be read.

Be aware of phishing scams

Familiarized yourself with phishing scams and techniques, which are used to trick you into divulging your account information. Online banking sites, Paypal, eBay, Amazon, and other popular sites that require logins are popular targets.

Use a safe password

Websites that store confidential data, such as an online bank site need to use strong passwords. Also, it is highly recommended that you use a different password for each website that requires a login. If you need help remembering your passwords consider using a password manager.

Use caution when accepting or agreeing to prompts

When prompted to install any program or add-on make sure to read and understand the agreement before clicking on the Ok button. If you do not understand the agreement or feel it is not necessary to install the program cancel or close the window.

Additionally, when installing any program watch for any check box that asks if it's ok to install a third-party program, toolbar, etc. These are never required and often cause more issues than good. Leave these boxes unchecked.

Be cautious where you're logging in from

Business

Your place of work can install key loggers or use other methods of monitoring the computer while online. Someone who has access to this information could read these logs and gather usernames and passwords. Also, do not store any passwords in your browser if your computer is shared with other coworkers.

Wireless network

When on a wireless network realize that all information being sent to and from your computer can be intercepted and read by someone nearby. Prevent this from happening by only logging into a secure network using WEP or WPA. If this is a home wireless network, make sure it is secure.

Friends house

Be concerned when logging into an account from a friends computer. A computer or network you are not familiar with could intentionally or unintentionally log usernames and passwords. Finally, when logging into any site on a friends computer never save the password information on their browser.

Be aware of those around you

While at work, school, library, or anywhere that has people around who could look at the monitor be cautious of anyone shoulder surfing. Someone could watch you type in your password, which would give them access to your account.

If you need everything displayed on the screen to remain private, consider a privacy filter for the display.

Update Internet browser plugins

Often many attackers find security vulnerabilities through browser plugins such as Adobe Flash. Make sure all installed Internet plug-ins are up-to-date.

Secure saved passwords

Make sure to store passwords and login information in a secure area. Never write login information on a sticky note or in a text file that is not encrypted.

To save your passwords we recommend using a password manager, which stores all login information and securely encrypts and password protects that information.

When saving password information in a browser, it may be visible by anyone who has access to your Internet browser. For example, without a master password setup in Firefox anyone can see all stored passwords.

Use a third-party service to confirm the safety and security of a page

We recommend the free Web of Trust (WOT) tool to verify the safety of all websites on the Internet.

ROOT

1. Alternatively referred to as an admin, administrator, and gatekeeper, root is a superuser on a computer or network and has complete control. See our Administrator definition for a full explanation.

2. The root or root directory is also the highest level in a directory hierarchy. For example, in MS-DOS, the root or root directory of the primary hard drive would C:\. When working on a web page the root directory will be your home directory or your public_html directory.

• MS-DOS help and support.
• Users in the Microsoft recovery console can set the current directory to the system root directory by using the systemroot command.

3. Root is also an ability, effect, or spell in computer games that locks a target in place. For example, in the game World of Warcraft the Mage class has a spell called Frost Nova that freezes an enemy in place for a few seconds.

Microsoft DOS diskpart command

About diskpart

Syntax

Windows Vista and 7 diskpart command syntax
Recovery Console diskpart command syntax

Windows Vista and 7 diskpart command syntax

Microsoft DiskPart version 6.1.7601
Copyright (C) 1999-2008 Microsoft Corporation.
On computer: COMPUTERHOPE

Microsoft DiskPart syntax:
diskpart [/s <script>] [/?]

/s <script>	Use a DiskPart script.
/?	Show this help screen.

Typing diskpart from an elevated command prompt will enter the "DISKPART>" prompt. From this prompt, the below commands are available. These commands are also available from a DiskPart script.

ACTIVE	Mark the selected partition as active.
ADD	Add a mirror to a simple volume.
ASSIGN	Assign a drive letter or mount point to the selected volume.
ATTRIBUTES	Manipulate volume or disk attributes.
ATTACH	Attaches a virtual disk file.
AUTOMOUNT	Enable and disable automatic mounting of basic volumes.
BREAK	Break a mirror set.
CLEAN	Clear the configuration information, or all information, off the disk.
COMPACT	Attempts to reduce the physical size of the file.
CONVERT	Convert between different disk formats.
CREATE	Create a volume, partition, or virtual disk.
DELETE	Delete an object.
DETAIL	Provide details about an object.
DETACH	Detaches a virtual disk file.
EXIT	Exit DiskPart.
EXTEND	Extend a volume.
EXPAND	Expands the maximum size available on a virtual disk.
FILESYSTEMS	Display current and supported file systems on the volume.
FORMAT	Format the volume or partition.
GPT	Assign attributes to the selected GPT partition.
HELP	Display a list of commands.
IMPORT	Import a disk group.
INACTIVE	Mark the selected partition as inactive.
LIST	Display a list of objects.
MERGE	Merges a child disk with its parents.
ONLINE	Online an object that is currently marked as offline.
OFFLINE	Offline an object that is currently marked as online.
RECOVER	Refreshes the state of all disks in the selected pack. Attempts recovery on disks in the invalid pack, and resynchronizes mirrored volumes and RAID5 volumes that have stale plex or parity data.
REM	Does nothing. This is used to comment scripts.
REMOVE	Remove a drive letter or mount point assignment.
REPAIR	Repair a RAID-5 volume with a failed member.
RESCAN	Rescan the computer looking for disks and volumes.
RETAIN	Place a retained partition under a simple volume.
SAN	Display or set the SAN policy for the currently booted OS.
SELECT	Shift the focus to an object.
SETID	Change the partition type.
SHRINK	Reduce the size of the selected volume.
UNIQUEID	Displays or sets the GUID partition table (GPT) identifier or master boot record (MBR) signature of a disk.

Recovery Console diskpart command syntax

Creates and deletes partitions on a hard drive. The below diskpart command information is only available when you are using the Recovery Console.

diskpart [/add | /delete] [device_name | drive_name | partition_name] [size]

/add	Creates a new partition.
/delete	Deletes an existing partition.
device_name	The device you want to create or delete a partition. The name can be obtained from the output of the map command.
drive_name	The partition you want to delete, by drive letter. Used only with /delete.
partition_name	The partition you want to delete, by partition name. Can be used in place of the drive_name. Used only with /delete.
size	The size, in megabytes (MB), of the partition you want to create. Used only with /add.

Examples

Diskpart

Typing diskpart without any additional switches or options opens a new DISKPART> prompt and allow all the above commands to be entered. For example, while at the DISKPART> prompt you can type: LIST DISK and get an output similar to the example below.

Disk ### -------------- Disk 0 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk 5

Status -------------- Online Online No Media No Media No Media No Media

Size -------------- 119 GB 2047 GB 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B

Free -------------- 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B

Dyn --------------

Gpt --------------

Note: When entering the diskpart command in some versions of Windows you may receive a UAC warning. You must accept this warning before diskpart can open.

Tip: To exit the DISKPART> prompt type exit and press enter.

diskpart /delete D:

In the above example, the D: partition would be deleted.

diskpart /add \Device\HardDisk0 20

In the above example, a 20MB would be created on the HardDisk0 device. This name is obtained from the map command.

My computer is running slow what steps can I do to fix it?

 

 

Tip: This page only covers an overall slow computer and not a computer that has a slow boot up or slow Internet.

Below are steps for Microsoft Windows users that can help speed up the computer or determine why the computer is running slow.

Reboot

If your computer has not been rebooted recently, make sure to reboot it before following any of the steps below.

Background programs

One of the most common reasons for a slow computer are programs running in the background. Remove or disable any TSRs and startup programs that automatically start each time the computer boots.

Tip: To see what programs are running in the background and how much memory and CPU they are using, open Task Manager. If you are running Windows 7 or higher, run Resmon to get a better understanding of how your computer is being used.

If you have an antivirus scanner on the computer, spyware protection program, or another security utility, make sure it is not scanning your computer in the background. If a scan is in progress, it can decrease the overall performance of your computer.

Delete temp files

As a computer runs programs, accesses web pages, and is being used in general, temporary files are being stored on the hard drive. Deleting these temp files can help improve computer performance.

First, we suggest using the Windows Disk Cleanup utility to delete temporary files and other files no longer needed on the computer.

Unfortunately, the Disk Cleanup may not delete all of the files in the temp directory. Therefore, we also suggest deleting temporary files manually by opening the Start menu and enter %temp% in the Search field (in Windows XP and prior, click the Run option in the Start menu and enter %temp% in the Run field). Press Enter and a Temp folder should open. You can delete all files found in this folder and if any files are in use they can be skipped.

Free hard drive space

Verify that there is at least 200-500MB of free hard drive space. This available space allows the computer to have room for the swap file to increase in size, as well as room for temporary files.

• Determining available hard drive space.
• Regaining computer hard drive space.

Bad, corrupted or fragmented hard drive

• Run ScanDisk, chkdsk, or something equivalent to verify there is nothing physically wrong with the computer's hard drive.
• Run Defrag to help ensure that data is arranged in the best possible order.
• Use other software tools to test the hard drive for any errors by looking at the SMART of the drive.

Scan for malware

Today, spyware and other malware is a big cause of many computer problems, including a slow computer. Even if an antivirus scanner is installed on the computer, we recommend running a malware scan on the computer. Use the free version of Malwarebytes to scan your computer for malware.

Scan for viruses

If your computer is infected with one or more viruses, this can cause your computer to run slow. If your computer does not have an antivirus program installed, you can run Trend Micro's free Housecall online utility to check for viruses on your computer, as well as remove them. It is also recommended that you install an antivirus program for active protection against viruses.

Hardware conflicts

• Verify that the Device Manager has no conflicts. If any exist, resolve these issues as they could be the cause of your problem.

Update Windows

• Make sure you have all the latest Windows updates installed on the computer.
• If you are on the Internet when your computer is slow, make sure all browser plugins are up-to-date.

Update your drivers

Make sure you have got the latest drivers for your computer, especially the latest video drivers. Having out-of-date drivers can cause an assortment of issues, including slow performance.

Reboot computer again

If you have done any of the above steps but your computer is still acting slow try rebooting the computer again at this point.

Memory upgrade

If you have had your computer for more than two years, you may need more memory. Today, we suggest computers have a minimum of 1GB of memory (RAM) for 32-bit system and 2GB for a 64-bit system. By having enough memory for programs to run within memory, your computer will not need to swap information stored within memory to the swap file. If your computer hard drive light is constantly active, its a good indication that your computer is swapping information between your memory and hard drive because of the lack of space in memory.

• Determining how much RAM is installed and available.
• How much memory or RAM should my computer have?
• What type of computer memory to use in a memory upgrade?
  

Hard drive upgrade

One of the biggest bottlenecks of a computer is the hard disk drive. For anyone with a slow computer or just looking for something to upgrade in the computer to improve overall system performance, upgrading from a traditional hard drive to a Solid State Drive (SSD) will significantly improve the overall system performance.

Run registry cleaner

We normally do not recommend registry cleaners. However, if you have followed all of the above steps and your computer is still slow, try running a registry cleaner on the computer.

Computer or processor is overheating

Make sure your computer and processor is not overheating. Excessive heat can cause a significant decrease in computer performance because most processors automatically reduce the speed of the processor to help compensate for the heat related issues.

• What temperature should my processor be running at?

Dust, dirt, and hair can also constrict proper air flow inside your computer, which can cause a computer to overheat. Make sure your computer case is clean and fans are not obstructed.

• Steps on cleaning your computer.

Erase computer and start over

If none of the above solutions resolve your issues, another option is to either reinstall Windows or erase everything and then start over.

Erasing everything and starting over can increase performance by getting rid of old software or drivers that may be on the computer and causing the computer to be slow. Installing a fresh copy of Windows, software programs, and the latest drivers help verify there is no software related issues causing your computer to be slow.

Hardware issues

Finally, if your computer continues to be slower than normal after going over each of the above recommendations (including erasing and starting over), it's possible that your computer is experiencing a more serious hardware related issue such as a failing component in the computer. This could be a failing or bad hard drive, CPU, RAM, motherboard, or other component.

Old computer

If your computer is older than five years, the age of the computer could be the cause of the slow performance. Computers advance in technology and capabilities and newer, more advanced software programs come out to run properly on the new computers. Older computers are not able to run the new programs as well, which can cause them to slow down. If your computer is older than five years, we suggest purchasing a new computer or accept that, if all the above options do not work to speed up your computer, it will just run slower than a newer computer.

How to find the BIOS Type, version, and date s

View BIOS information at POST

The first way is by restarting your computer. When the initial load (also called POST) screen is displayed, the BIOS Type and version is also displayed. If the load screen is displayed for only a few seconds, you may be able to press the Pause/Break key on your keyboard to stop the computer at that screen, long enough for you to find the BIOS information.

The BIOS information is typically found at or near the top of the POST screen.

Add caption

Also, you will see information on what hard drive(s) and CD/DVD drives are installed in your computer.

Tip: It is also at this screen where you could access the BIOS Setup itself for more information on the hardware on your computer and the various BIOS and hardware settings currently available.

To help with load times or to display a company logo this screen may not be viewable. If this is the case try the below alternate resolutions.

Through Windows System Information

The BIOS information is also shown through the Windows System Information. To open this tool click START, Programs, Accessories, System Tools, and then System Information. If you're running Windows Vista or Windows 7, type System Information in the Start search box.

This opens the System Information window, displaying information about your computer, including the type of BIOS you have and the version, under the System Summary section. As can be seen in the picture below, this computer has a DELL BIOS version 1.0.0 with a Date of 11/5/2008.

In the Windows Registry

You can also find BIOS information in the Windows System Registry. This area is a bit more dangerous to navigate around, as you can change values that could affect how Windows operates. So be careful if you choose to use this option to view your BIOS information.

To access the System Registry, click START and in the Run or Search box type regedit in the text field and press enter. In the Windows Registry navigate to the below registry directory.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System

Find the subkeys SystemBiosDate and SystemBiosVersion to see the BIOS and version for your motherboard. As can be seen in the picture below, the BIOS date and version are shown in these two keys.

Finding BIOS date through debug routine

Earlier computers that do not have access to the above tools can also use the MS-DOS and Windows command line debug command to view the BIOS date, as shown below.

At the C:\> Type the below commands.

 debug
- d FFFF:5 L 8

After typing the above command, you should receive a string similar to the example below.

FFFF:0000 30 34 2F-33 30 2F 39 38 4/30/98

The 4/30/98 would be the date of your computer BIOS.

No power or computer does not turn on

Notice: If the computer is turning on but is not posting (beeping) or giving any picture on the display, see POST troubleshooting. This page also does not cover a laptop computer that is not turning on.

If you are uncertain if the computer is turning on or not, this can be checked by locating any fans in the computer or visible from the outside of the computer. If these fans are spinning, the computer is receiving power and this document may not apply to your issue.

Connections not connected properly

Verify that the power connection is connected properly to the wall and the back of the computer. If the connections appear to be connected properly, disconnect, and reconnection both ends of the power cord to make sure the cable is not loose.

If you have a power strip (surge protector) or switch used to turn everything on at once, temporarily disconnect the computer from that switch and connect that cable directly to the wall. This helps verify that the strip or switch is not bad.

Verify that the outlet works by connecting a different component to that switch.

Third-party hardware

If additional hardware has been recently added to the computer it is recommend that you temporarily disconnect that device or devices from the computer to verify they are not preventing your computer from turning on.

Note: If the computer was working fine before you added the new hardware, removing the third-party hardware did not resolve the issue, and the computer is not beeping but is turning on, see the POST troubleshooting steps.

Bad power cable

Verify that the cable supplying your computer is not bad or damaged by using another power cable. If you have a standard CRT monitor, this cable can be used in place of the computer power cable.

If you have a portable computer or laptop, when the cables are plugged into the laptop you should see a power light or battery charge light. If this light is seen, this is a good indication that the power cable is good.

Incorrect power supply

If you are building your own computer or if the computer has never turned on since you purchased it, you may have a power supply that does not supply enough power or the incorrect power supply. Verify your power supply meets the requirements of your motherboard and processor.

• How do I determine how big my power supply is?
• How big of a computer power supply should I get?

Bad battery

If your computer is a laptop or portable computer that utilizes a battery for mobility it may be causing your issue.

• If your computer powers on when the cable is connected to the portable computer but not when it is disconnected, we recommend you purchase a new battery.
• If your computer does not power on when the battery is connected and when the power cable or charger cable is connected, try removing the battery and seeing if the computer can power on with only the power cable connected. If no power is still received, skip to the final section.

Bad power supply, power button, power board, or inverter

If, after following the above sections, your computer still receives no power, it is likely that a hardware component in the computer has failed. It is most likely that the power supply has failed. If you do not plan on replacing the power supply yourself or if you have a portable computer, we recommend having the computer serviced by your computer manufacturer or a local computer repair shop.

If you have a desktop computer and plan on trying to repair the computer yourself, we recommend you replace the components in your computer in the below order.

1. First open the computer and verify the power connections. Also, consider disconnecting the main power cable and reconnecting the power cable to make sure it has not become loose. Also, verify the power button cable is correctly connected to the Motherboard.
2. Replace the power supply with a new power supply.
3. Replace the motherboard.

HTML color codes and names

HTML color codes are hexadecimal triplets representing the colors red, green, and blue (#RRGGBB). For example, in the color red, the color code is #FF0000, which is '255' red, '0' green, and '0' blue. These color codes can be used to change the color of the background, text, and tables on a web page.

• Major hexadecimal color codes
• Color Code Chart
• Top 50 most viewed colors
• Changing font color on a web page using CSS and FONT tags.
• All questions relating to CSS and HTML colors.
• HTML help

Major hexadecimal color codes

Below are some of the common color names and codes. With these colors, you can also use the color name. For example, in HTML tags and CSS that use color codes, you could use "red" instead of "#FF0000".

Color Name	Color Code	Color Name	Color Code
Red	#FF0000	White	#FFFFFF
Cyan	#00FFFF	Silver	#C0C0C0
Blue	#0000FF	Gray or Grey	#808080
DarkBlue	#0000A0	Black	#000000
LightBlue	#ADD8E6	Orange	#FFA500
Purple	#800080	Brown	#A52A2A
Yellow	#FFFF00	Maroon	#800000
Lime	#00FF00	Green	#008000
Magenta	#FF00FF	Olive	#808000

Color code chart

Tip: Use our HTML color picker if you need to choose from an almost infinite variety of colors.

Blacks - Grays - Blues - Greens - Yellows - Browns - Orange - Reds - Pinks - Purples

Code	Color
#000000	Black
#0C090A	Night
#2C3539	Gunmetal
#2B1B17	Midnight
#34282C	Charcoal
#25383C	Dark Slate Grey
#3B3131	Oil
#413839	Black Cat
#3D3C3A	Iridium
#463E3F	Black Eel
#4C4646	Black Cow
#504A4B	Gray Wolf
#565051	Vampire Gray
#5C5858	Gray Dolphin
#625D5D	Carbon Gray
#666362	Ash Gray
#6D6968	Cloudy Gray
#726E6D	Smokey Gray
#736F6E	Gray
#837E7C	Granite
#848482	Battleship Gray
#B6B6B4	Gray Cloud
#D1D0CE	Gray Goose
#E5E4E2	Platinum
#BCC6CC	Metallic Silver
#98AFC7	Blue Gray
#6D7B8D	Light Slate Gray
#657383	Slate Gray
#616D7E	Jet Gray
#646D7E	Mist Blue
#566D	Marble Blue
#737CA1	Slate Blue
#4863A0	Steel Blue
#2B547E	Blue Jay
#2B3856	Dark Slate Blue
#151B54	Midnight Blue
#000080	Navy Blue
#342D7E	Blue Whale
#15317E	Lapis Blue
#151B8D	Cornflower Blue
#0000A0	Earth Blue
#0020C2	Cobalt Blue
#0041C2	Blueberry Blue
#2554C7	Sapphire Blue
#1569C7	Blue Eyes
#2B60DE	Royal Blue
#1F45FC	Blue Orchid
#6960EC	Blue Lotus
#736AFF	Light Slate Blue
#357EC7	Slate Blue
#368BC1	Glacial Blue Ice
#488AC7	Silk Blue
#3090C7	Blue Ivy
#659EC7	Blue Koi
#87AFC7	Columbia Blue
#95B9C7	Baby Blue
#728FCE	Light Steel Blue
#2B65EC	Ocean Blue
#306EFF	Blue Ribbon
#157DEC	Blue Dress
#1589FF	Dodger Blue
#6495ED	Cornflower Blue
#6698FF	Sky Blue
#38ACEC	Butterfly Blue
#56A5EC	Iceberg
#5CB3FF	Crystal Blue
#3BB9FF	Deep Sky Blue
#79BAEC	Denim Blue
#82CAFA	Light Sky Blue
#82CAFF	Day Sky Blue
#A0CFEC	Jeans Blue
#B7CEEC	Blue Angel
#B4CFEC	Pastel Blue
#C2DFFF	Sea Blue
#C6DEFF	Powder Blue
#AFDCEC	Coral Blue
#ADDFFF	Light Blue
#BDEDFF	Robin Egg Blue
#CFECEC	Pale Blue Lily
#E0FFFF	Light Cyan
#EBF4FA	Water
#F0F8FF	AliceBlue
#F0FFFF	Azure
#CCFFFF	Light Slate
#93FFE8	Light Aquamarine
#9AFEFF	Electric Blue
#7FFFD4	Aquamarine
#00FFFF	Cyan or Aqua
#7DFDFE	Tron Blue
#57FEFF	Blue Zircon
#8EEBEC	Blue Lagoon
#50EBEC	Celeste
#4EE2EC	Blue Diamond
#81D8D0	Tiffany Blue
#92C7C7	Cyan Opaque
#77BFC7	Blue Hosta
#78C7C7	Northern Lights Blue
#48CCCD	Medium Turquoise
#43C6DB	Turquoise
#46C7C7	Jellyfish
#43BFC7	Macaw Blue Green
#3EA99F	Light Sea Green
#3B9C9C	Dark Turquoise
#438D80	Sea Turtle Green
#348781	Medium Aquamarine
#307D7E	Greenish Blue
#5E7D7E	Grayish Turquoise
#4C787E	Beetle Green
#008080	Teal
#4E8975	Sea Green
#78866B	Camouflage Green
#848b79	Sage Green
#617C58	Hazel Green
#728C00	Venom Green
#667C26	Fern Green
#254117	Dark Forrest Green
#306754	Medium Sea Green
#347235	Medium Forest Green
#437C17	Seaweed Green
#387C44	Pine Green
#347C2C	Jungle Green
#347C17	Shamrock Green
#348017	Medium Spring Green
#4E9258	Forest Green
#6AA121	Green Onion
#4AA02C	Spring Green
#41A317	Lime Green
#3EA055	Clover Green
#6CBB3C	Green Snake
#6CC417	Alien Green
#4CC417	Green Apple
#52D017	Yellow Green
#4CC552	Kelly Green
#54C571	Zombie Green
#99C68E	Frog Green
#89C35C	Green Peas
#85BB65	Dollar Bill Green
#8BB381	Dark Sea Green
#9CB071	Iguana Green
#B2C248	Avocado Green
#9DC209	Pistachio Green
#A1C935	Salad Green
#7FE817	Hummingbird Green
#59E817	Nebula Green
#57E964	Stoplight Go Green
#64E986	Algae Green
#5EFB6E	Jade Green
#00FF00	Green
#5FFB17	Emerald Green
#87F717	Lawn Green
#8AFB17	Chartreuse
#6AFB92	Dragon Green
#98FF98	Mint green
#B5EAAA	Green Thumb
#C3FDB8	Light Jade
#CCFB5D	Tea Green
#B1FB17	Green Yellow
#BCE954	Slime Green
#EDDA74	Goldenrod
#EDE275	Harvest Gold
#FFE87C	Sun Yellow
#FFFF00	Yellow
#FFF380	Corn Yellow
#FFFFC2	Parchment
#FFFFCC	Cream
#FFF8C6	Lemon Chiffon
#FFF8DC	Cornsilk
#F5F5DC	Beige
#FBF6D9	Blonde
#FAEBD7	AntiqueWhite
#F7E7CE	Champagne
#FFEBCD	BlanchedAlmond
#F3E5AB	Vanilla
#ECE5B6	Tan Brown
#FFE5B4	Peach
#FFDB58	Mustard
#FFD801	Rubber Ducky Yellow
#FDD017	Bright Gold
#EAC117	Golden brown
#F2BB66	Macaroni and Cheese
#FBB917	Saffron
#FBB117	Beer
#FFA62F	Cantaloupe
#E9AB17	Bee Yellow
#E2A76F	Brown Sugar
#DEB887	BurlyWood
#FFCBA4	Deep Peach
#C9BE62	Ginger Brown
#E8A317	School Bus Yellow
#EE9A4D	Sandy Brown
#C8B560	Fall Leaf Brown
#D4A017	Orange Gold
#C2B280	Sand
#C7A317	Cookie Brown
#C68E17	Caramel
#B5A642	Brass
#ADA96E	Khaki
#C19A6B	Camel brown
#CD7F32	Bronze
#C88141	Tiger Orange
#C58917	Cinnamon
#AF9B60	Bullet Shell
#AF7817	Dark Goldenrod
#B87333	Copper
#966F33	Wood
#806517	Oak Brown
#827839	Moccasin
#827B60	Army Brown
#786D5F	Sandstone
#493D26	Mocha
#483C32	Taupe
#6F4E37	Coffee
#835C3B	Brown Bear
#7F5217	Red Dirt
#7F462C	Sepia
#C47451	Orange Salmon
#C36241	Rust
#C35817	Red Fox
#C85A17	Chocolate
#CC6600	Sedona
#E56717	Papaya Orange
#E66C2C	Halloween Orange
#F87217	Pumpkin Orange
#F87431	Construction Cone Orange
#E67451	Sunrise Orange
#FF8040	Mango Orange
#F88017	Dark Orange
#FF7F50	Coral
#F88158	Basket Ball Orange
#F9966B	Light Salmon
#E78A61	Tangerine
#E18B6B	Dark Salmon
#E77471	Light Coral
#F75D59	Bean Red
#E55451	Valentine Red
#E55B3C	Shocking Orange
#FF0000	Red
#FF2400	Scarlet
#F62217	Ruby Red
#F70D1A	Ferrari Red
#F62817	Fire Engine Red
#E42217	Lava Red
#E41B17	Love Red
#DC381F	Grapefruit
#C34A2C	Chestnut Red
#C24641	Cherry Red
#C04000	Mahogany
#C11B17	Chilli Pepper
#9F000F	Cranberry
#990012	Red Wine
#8C001A	Burgundy
#954535	Chestnut
#7E3517	Blood Red
#8A4117	Sienna
#7E3817	Sangria
#800517	Firebrick
#810541	Maroon
#7D0541	Plum Pie
#7E354D	Velvet Maroon
#7D0552	Plum Velvet
#7F4E52	Rosy Finch
#7F5A58	Puce
#7F525D	Dull Purple
#B38481	Rosy Brown
#C5908E	Khaki Rose
#C48189	Pink Bow
#C48793	Lipstick Pink
#E8ADAA	Rose
#EDC9AF	Desert Sand
#FDD7E4	Pig Pink
#FCDFFF	Cotton Candy
#FFDFDD	Pink Bubblegum
#FBBBB9	Misty Rose
#FAAFBE	Pink
#FAAFBA	Light Pink
#F9A7B0	Flamingo Pink
#E7A1B0	Pink Rose
#E799A3	Pink Daisy
#E38AAE	Cadillac Pink
#F778A1	Carnation Pink
#E56E94	Blush Red
#F660AB	Hot Pink
#FC6C85	Watermelon Pink
#F6358A	Violet Red
#F52887	Deep Pink
#E45E9D	Pink Cupcake
#E4287C	Pink Lemonade
#F535AA	Neon Pink
#FF00FF	Magenta
#E3319D	Dimorphotheca Magenta
#F433FF	Bright Neon Pink
#D16587	Pale Violet Red
#C25A7C	Tulip Pink
#CA226B	Medium Violet Red
#C12869	Rogue Pink
#C12267	Burnt Pink
#C25283	Bashful Pink
#C12283	Carnation Pink
#B93B8F	Plum
#7E587E	Viola Purple
#571B7E	Purple Iris
#583759	Plum Purple
#4B0082	Indigo
#461B7E	Purple Monster
#4E387E	Purple Haze
#614051	Eggplant
#5E5A80	Grape
#6A287E	Purple Jam
#7D1B7E	Dark Orchid
#A74AC7	Purple Flower
#B048B5	Medium Orchid
#6C2DC7	Purple Amethyst
#842DCE	Dark Violet
#8D38C9	Violet
#7A5DC7	Purple Sage Bush
#7F38EC	Lovely Purple
#8E35EF	Purple
#893BFF	Aztech Purple
#8467D7	Medium Purple
#A23BEC	Jasmine Purple
#B041FF	Purple Daffodil
#C45AEC	Tyrian Purple
#9172EC	Crocus Purple
#9E7BFF	Purple Mimosa
#D462FF	Heliotrope Purple
#E238EC	Crimson
#C38EC7	Purple Dragon
#C8A2C8	Lilac
#E6A9EC	Blush Pink
#E0B0FF	Mauve
#C6AEC7	Wisteria Purple
#F9B7FF	Blossom Pink
#D2B9D3	Thistle
#E9CFEC	Periwinkle
#EBDDE2	Lavender Pinocchio
#E3E4FA	Lavender blue
#FDEEF4	Pearl
#FFF5EE	SeaShell
#FEFCFF	Milk White
#FFFFFF	White